Distributional effects of urban transport policies to discourage car use

This report takes stock of scientific findings to date regarding the distributional effects policies discouraging car use in urban areas. These include cordon tolls, distance-based charges, fuel taxes, parking measures and public transport subsidies. The describes mechanisms responsible for these offers insights how such can be designed minimise adverse equity outcomes. It also provides recommendations design procedural modifications that standard instruments require order more acceptable governments. Finally, it identifies a number issues warrant further research pursuit greater outcomes road policies.